International Mother Language Day 21st February 2016-The theme is “Quality education, language(s) of instruction and learning outcomes.”

International Mother Language Day (IMLD) (Bengali: আন্তর্জাতিক মাতৃভাষা দিবস Antôrjatik Matribhasha Dibôs) is a worldwide annual observance held on 21 February to promote awareness of linguistic and cultural diversity and multilingualism. First announced by UNESCO on 17 November 1999, it was formally recognized by the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution establishing 2008 as the International Year of Languages.

The United Nations' (UN) International Mother Language Day annually celebrates language diversity and variety worldwide on February 21. It also remembers events such as the killing of four students on February 21, 1952, because they campaigned to officially use their mother language, Bengali, in Bangladesh.

UNESCO reiterates its position on the importance of appropriate languages of instruction, usually mother tongues, in early years of schooling: formal and non-formal education must deliver quality education for all learners by taking a multilingual approach, which has great potential for achieving development goal 4 of the Agenda 2030.


In line with Sustainable Development Goal 4 on education of the Agenda 2030, and the Education 2030 Framework for Action, the theme of Mother Language Day (IMLD) 2016 is, "Quality education, language(s) of instruction and learning outcomes".

The theme of the 2016 International Mother Language Day is “Quality education, language(s) of instruction and learning outcomes.”

The fight for language diversity has a history, especially in countries such as Bangladesh

Shaheed Minar (Martyr Monument), at Dhaka Medical College and Hospital in Bangladesh,

"Mother languages in a multilingual approach are essential components of quality education, which is itself the foundation for empowering women and men and their societies." -Irina Bokova, UNESCO Director General

In Sustainable Development Goal 4, the 2030 Agenda focuses on quality education and lifelong learning for all, to enable every woman and man to acquire skills, knowledge, and values to become everything they wish and participate fully in their societies. This is especially important for girls and women, as well as minorities, indigenous peoples, and rural populations. This is reflected in UNESCO’s Education 2030 Framework for Action, a road-map to implement the 2030 Agenda, encouraging full respect for the use of mother language in teaching and learning, and the promotion and preservation of linguistic diversity.

Multilingualism is essential to drive these objectives forward – it is vital for success across the 2030 Agenda, regarding growth, employment and health, as well as sustainable consumption and production, and climate change.

UNESCO brings the same focus to advancing linguistic diversity on the Internet, through support to relevant local content as well as media and information literacy.  Through the Local and Indigenous Knowledge Systems  programme, UNESCO is highlighting the importance of mother and local languages as channels for safeguarding and sharing indigenous cultures and knowledge, which are vast reservoirs of wisdom.

Mother languages in a multilingual approach are essential components of quality education, which is itself the foundation for empowering women and men and their societies. We must recognise and nurture this power, in order to leave no one behind, to craft a more just and sustainable future for all.

What Do People Do?

On International Mother Language Day the UN's Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and UN agencies participate in events that promote linguistic and cultural diversity. They also encourage people to maintain their knowledge of their mother language while learning and using more than one language. Governments and non-governmental organizations may use the day to announce policies to encourage language learning and support.
The Linguapax Institute, in Barcelona, Spain, aims to preserve and promote linguistic diversity globally. The institute presents the Linguapax Prize on International Mother Language Day each year for those who have made outstanding work in linguistic diversity or multilingual education.

Background

At the partition of India in 1947, the Bengal province was divided according to the predominant religions of the inhabitants. The western part became part of India and the eastern part became a province of Pakistan known as East Bengal and later East Pakistan. However, there was economic, cultural and linInternational Mother Language Day has been being observed since 2000 to promote peace and multilingualism. The date corresponds to the day in 1952 when students from the University of Dhaka, Jagannath University and Dhaka Medical College, demonstrating for the recognition of Bengali as one of the two national languages of East Pakistan, were shot dead by police near the Dhaka High Court in the capital of present-day Bangladesh.

"Mother language" is the calque of a term used in several Romance languages: lengua materna (Spanish), lingua madre (Italian) and langue maternelle (French). A more literal English translation would be "mother tongue", although "native language" is the most comprehensible term in English. In linguistics, "mother language" refers to an ancestral (or proto-language) of a language family.gual friction between East and West Pakistan.

Symbols
The Shaheed Minar (martyr's monument) in Dhaka, Bangladesh, pays homage to the four demonstrators killed in 1952.
In India
The Government of India has decided to promote and digitize content in all its 22 officially recognized languages. As a part of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Digital India initiative, digitized content will be made available in 22 scheduled languages which will be extended to other 234 recognized languages of India.

Ref:
http://www.timeanddate.com
http://www.unesco.org

ATTENTION!!!-“the parade of planets”.5 Planets Will Be Aligned in 2016 From Jan. 20 To Feb. 20,

Last seen in January 2005, Jupiter, Saturn, Mars, Venus and Mercury will be visible from Earth in a row along the horizon from January 20 until February 20, 2016,appearing in a diagonal line. The best time to view the planets is just before dawn over the month-long period.Visible planets are those that can be seen with the naked eye, as opposed to Uranus, Neptune and former planet Pluto, which require telescopes to be viewed.

This incredible planetary event is the first time the five bright planets have aligned in such a way in more than 10 years – and they will stay stationed in this position until Feb. 20th.

A unique moment in time, which brings us yet another reason to gaze and appreciate the sky, but also brings an interesting intersection of energies. From a spiritual point of view, seeking a lesson in the soul of each planet – allows us to reflect deeper and gaze inward as well.

Mercury is the ruler of communication – take inventory of how you express your emotions with your words, and be mindful if your tone is in alignment with your intention.Take a Trip.

Venus relates to love –  be sure to give love to where ever you may feel lack, and to give lots of gratitude to where there is already love.Get Artistic.

Mars is considered the action planet, so if there’s been something you’ve been wanting to do, but haven’t yet done – get moving, and take the actions necessary to gain momentum. With the other planets being your guide, also remember to be loving in your actions, and to communicate from a place of pure intention.Sweat It Out.
Jupiter is the philosopher, and this is a great time to find the “gold” in your life’s lessons. Give love to the good, give love to the bad, allow all experience to serve as the fuel that burns your fire for desire – and if there is any area of your life that still feels “heavy”, be your own spiritual alchemist and find appreciation for the lesson, and forgive with all of your heart, because the heart is the philosopher’s stone.Start Saving.

Saturn relates to karma, so it is important to consider the timeless words of Bob Marley,  “every little action // there’s a reaction (satisfy my soul).” Perhaps there may be some actions that have occurred lately that brought about an unpleasant reaction. We always reap what we sow, and whatever good we give to the world – we will get back (same principle applies to the bad as well).Saturn is known as "The Great Teacher," and is basically the planet that brings all the others back to Earth.Clean House.

Ref:
http://consciouslifenews.com
http://www.evolveandascend.com

Presidents' Day-15th of February 2016--SIMILARITIES&DIFFERENCES between INDIA&USA

Both President's Day and George Washington's birthday are always celebrated on the third Monday of February.On April 30, 1789, George Washington, standing on the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York, took his oath of office as the first President of the United States.

During Washington's lifetime, people in Great Britain and America switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar (something most of Europe had done in 1582). As a result of this calendar reform, people born before 1752 were told to add 11 days to their birth dates. Those born between January 1 and March 25, as Washington was, also had to add one year to be in sync with the new calendar. By the time Washington became president in 1789, he celebrated his birthday on February 22 and listed his year of birth as 1732. Upon entering office, Washington was not convinced that he was the right man for the job. He wrote, “My movements to the chair of government will be accompanied by feelings not unlike those of a culprit, who is going to the place of his execution.”

India- USA some similarities

India and the USA are among the two largest countries in the world.  Both countries are in two different continents but still both countries have a few similarities.

Both countries are democracies. They both were British colonies before their independence. Both these nations have population, which are multi-ethnic but even so strong national patriotic pride has been established among its citizens. Both these countries are federations between the states and the center. The capitals of these countries, New Delhi and Washington, are not the main cultural and financial centers of their countries.

In both these countries the religion has strong holds within the country population. The majorities of the populations in these countries are conservative and respect their religion. Most of the Americans are Christians and they often visit their churches. Most of India's citizens are Hindus and they respect their religion's rituals. Both these countries also had some bizarre cults in which the cult leader completely dominated his followers.

In both these countries there was the same form of harsh manner. They had no rights and were treated in a very ill manner and with no respect. They had to sit at a distance from the upper castes. They were not allowed to enter the quarters and temples of the upper castes. They were also barred from entering restaurants, which served the upper castes.

The terms in which these communities are named are always changing. The Afro-Americans were first slaves, then they were coined Negro and Niger, then they were called blacks and now they are referred to as Afro-Americans. The untouchables were called Neech meaning low class, Mahatma Gandhi gave them the title Harijan, meaning children of God, now they are called Dalit meaning oppressed. Both these communities are raising their status through affirmative actions by the government. These affirmative actions have raised some tensions against the oppressed classes.

In both these countries some important political figures were assassinated. In USA, Abraham Lincoln, JF Kennedy, Robert Kennedy, Martin Luther King were assassinated. In India, Mahatma Gandhi, Indira Gandi and Rajiv Gandhi were assassinated. (see Gandhi murders and Indian nationalism).

Both these countries have a big film industry with lots of film stars. Watching movies in both the countries is a very popular pastime. Citizens in both these countries have a lot of admiration for their movie stars and they imitate their film stars fashion. It is a normal feature in these countries when new movies are released that there are large queues to get tickets for the first shows.

Being the largest democratic countries in the world, both United States and India are based on federalism in their political structure. US became a Federal Republic State by promulgating its constitution in the year1789; whereas India became a Socialist, Sovereign, Secular, Democratic Republic by formally launching its constitution only in the year 1950.Thereby both countries had attained dominion status in which a number of smaller states had got affiliated forming a union with a strong central government that came to be called as Federal Government in the US and Central Government in India. Thus both states became Federal Republics.

While framing the Indian constitution, its drafting committee headed by Dr.Ambedkar, had borrowed many salient features from various constitutions in the world including US but adopted them in the Indian context. Hence, both U.S and India, despite being federal in structure have many similarities and differences between them.

Similarities between US and India:-

1) Written constitution
 2) Bill of Rights and Fundamental Rights
3) Supremacy of the Federal or Union Government
4) Division of Labor and Separation of Powers
5)Powers of Checks and Balances

Differences between the federalisms of US and India:-
1) The Constitution of US is very rigid than the Indian Constitution
2) While US has the Presidential form of Government, India has the Parliamentary form of Government
3) Differences between the legislatures of US and India
4) Differences in the judicial system between US and India



https://www.whitehouse.gov/
http://www.almanac.com
https://general-law.knoji.com

INDIAN FESTIVALS

India is well known all over the world as a country of cultural and traditional festivals as it has many cultures and religions. Festivals and celebrations go hand in hand in India. One can enjoy the festival celebration in India every month. As India is a land of variety of cultures and ethnicity because of celebrating lots of colorful festivals by the people of different religions.  As it is a secular country full of diversity in the religions, languages, cultures and castes, it is always crowded with the people involved in the fairs and festivals celebration. People from each religion have their own cultural and traditional festivals. Some of the festivals are celebrated by the people of all religions in the entire nation. Each and every festival is celebrated uniquely in different ways according to the rituals, beliefs and its significant history behind. Each festival has its own history, legend and significance of celebration. Indian origin people in the abroad also celebrate their cultural festival with the immense passion. India is a country with example of unity in diversity as it contains people of various religions like Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Jain, Christian and etc.

NATIONAL FESTIVALS--There are three national festivals in India:

1. Independence Day on 15 August:

Independence Day of India is celebrated throughout India on 15th August every year with great splendor, joy and respect for Mother India. Many Indian cultural programmes are organized on the Independence Day. Everyone in India knows that India got freedom from the 300 years of British Rule at the stroke of midnight as India moved towards August 15, 1947.Indians dedicate this auspicious day to all those brave leaders and fighters who gave freedom to this golden bird on this day.

2.Mahatma Gandhi's birthday on 2 October:

Gandhi Jayanti is a national festival celebrated in India to mark the occasion of the birthday of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, the "Father of the Nation".Gandhi Jayanti is marked by prayer services and tributes all over India, especially at Raj Ghat, Gandhi's memorial in New Delhi where he was cremated. Popular activities include prayer meetings, commemorative ceremonies in different cities by colleges, local government institutions and socio-political institutions.

3.Republic Day on 26 January:

Republic Day honors the date on which the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950 replacing the Government of India Act (1935) as the governing document of India.The Constitution was adopted by the Indian Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949, and came into effect on 26 January 1950 with a democratic government system, completing the country's transition towards becoming an independent republic. India celebrates its Republic Day in colourful and exciting ways. To mark Republic Day in a memorable and significant way, every year in New Delhi, capital of India, a grand parade is held that starts from the Raisina Hill in the neighborhood of the majestic Rashtrapati Bhawan and passes along the Rajpath thus ending at India Gate. On Republic Day, martyrs and heroes who showed courage and bravery for country's sake without bothering their own lives is also remembered and conferred prestigious and significant awards including Kirti Chakra and Ashok Chakra are conferred on the event by the President. Since 1950,

States and regions have local festivals depending on prevalent religious and linguistic demographics based on seasons. Not only in New Delhi, but other states also celebrate Republic Day with great enthusiasm and in numerous innovative ways.

Purposes of Festivals

Festivals are generally times for celebration and remembrance.

To create a special atmosphere, diverting the mind from worldly concerns and joyfully focusing on spiritual matters.

To invoke the soul's natural qualities by creating an environment replete with auspiciousness and the abundant gifts of nature.

To give people spiritual impetus and inspiration, which helps them perform their daily duties.

To dovetail the natural tendency for celebration with spiritual goals.

To forge a healthy sense of belonging by peacefully bringing together individuals, families and communities.

HINDU FESTIVALS:  Hinduism is essentially a spoken tradition, and sound is the primary means of spiritual expression-SANATANA DHARMA-it is a WAY of LIFE. Some of the HINDU festivals. decorated with mango leaves, turmeric, tulsi and sandalwood paste.  It must be remembered here that all these rituals are man made. The Sanskrit word Utsava comes from the word "ut" meaning "removal" and "sava" which means "worldly sorrows" or "grief". In the Hindu calendar dates are usually prescribed according to the lunar calendar. In vedic timekeeping, a tithi is a lunar day. The festivals typically celebrate events from Hindu mythology, often coinciding with seasonal changes. A festival may be observed with acts of worship, offerings to deities, fasting, feasting, vigil, rituals, fairs, charity, celebrations, Puja, Homa, aarti etc. In general, Hindu festivals "are intended to purify, avert malicious influences, renew society, bridge over critical moments, and stimulate or resuscitate the vital powers of nature." They include a wide variety of rituals, including worship, prayer, processions, magical acts, music, dancing, lovemaking, eating, drinking, and feeding the poor. . Hinduism is rich in its unique festivals and customs which are being celebrated through centuries. caring for trees.

Hinduism is considered a very personal faith. Although Hindu worship takes on many forms, one of the rarest is actually that of congregational worship. Unlike in the West where people worship in congregation with a priest, pastor or leader at the helm, most Hindu worship takes place in a solitary manner within the home.

Hindu festivals are colorful, fun yet with a deep social and religious significance. 'Utsava' is the Sanskrit word for Hindu festivals, meaning 'to cause to grow Upward'. A festival may be observed with acts of worship, offerings to deities, fasting, feasting, vigil, rituals, fairs, charity, celebrations, Puja, Homa, aarti, etc. They celebrate individual and community life of Hindus without distinction of caste, gender or class.

Cows and Festivals

Although much of the Hindu puja is very personal, Hindus also have celebrations and things that bring them together in worship. For instance, most Hindus will hold to the concept of cow veneration. Although very alien to those of us from the West, Hindus believe cows represent divinity and, therefore, are to be protected and honored. Most scholars link this veneration to the large part cows played in the pastoral economy of ancient India.

Main Practices during Festivals

·         Fasting and feasting

·         Distribution of food (especially prasad)

·         Giving in charity (to temples, saints, the poor, etc)

·         Visiting the temple

·         Visiting relatives

·         Glorification of God (kirtan, bhajan, story recitals, dance, drama)

·         Manufacture and worship of temporary deities

·         Taking temple deities in procession

·         Wearing new clothes

Decorating houses, streets and temples with fruits, flowers, leaves and banana leaves

Ganesh Chaturthi: The festival of Ganesh or Vinayak Chaturthi, the day on which Ganesh was born. It is the most joyous event of the year. Throughout India the festival is celebrated with much enthusiasm and devotion. In Andhra Pradesh, like Maharashtra, the festival is celebrated for ten days. It is said that Ganesh was the creation of Goddess Parvati, who breathed life into a doll, which she made out of the dough she was using for her bath.The Public Ganpati festival held at Lalbaug, Mumbai is the most famous Ganpati in Maharashtra and is lovingly called “ LALBAUG CHA RAJA” (King of Lalbaug).

 Vara Maha Lakshmi Vrata-On the day of Varalakshmi vratam, women clean their homes and decorate their front yards with rangolis (colorful designs traced on the floor). Later, they take a bath and deck themselves with beautiful clothes and jewellery. They then begin the process of performing the vrata by first arranging the kalasha or sacred pot. They fill the pot with rice and water which symbolize prosperity and cover it with mango and betel leaves. They then place a coconut smeared with turmeric and vermilion on the kalasha and also decorate the coconut with a new cloth. Some people decorate the kalasha with many kinds of jewels to make it look more beautiful. They place this kalasha on a plate filled with rice.

Deepavali: Deepavali, or Diwali as it is popularly called, is the festival of lights. It symbolizes the victory of righteousness and the lifting of spiritual darkness. The word Deepavali literally means rows of clay lamps. It is celebrated on the New Moon day of the dark fortnight during October-November. It is also associated with the return to Ayodhya of Lord Rama, His wife Sita and His brother Lakshmana after their fourteen-year sojourn in the forests. The day also marks the coronation of Lord Rama.

Makara Sankranthi(January)-- is a festival that marks the end of winter and the start of the agricultural growing season . It is held on the 14th January (Gregorian Calendar) and is associated with the Sun deity: Pratyaksha-Brahman. The Makar Sankranti is a solar festival and the lunar Hindu calendar doesn't determine its date therefore it is one of the few festivals held on the same day every year. Special prayers and offerings are given the Sun to thank him for the harvest. Makara Sankranti identifies a period of enlightenment, peace, prosperity and happiness followed by a period of darkness, ignorance and viciousness with immense sorrow. The six months of northern movement of the sun is followed by six months of southern movement. Since the festival is celebrated in mid winter, food prepared for this festival is such that it keeps the body warm and gives high energy. The festival is celebrated all over India under many names and with reigonal customs determining the rites. For Hindus that make the pilgrimage to the river Ganges during this festival; it is considered an auspicious act to bathe in the holy river during the festival. In the Punjab, Makar Sankranti is celebrated with bonfires and in Gujarat, kite flying has become very popular.

Vasant Panchami: The festival of Vasanta Panchami is celebrated by Hindus in January/February, mainly in honour of Sarasvati, the Goddess of learning, wisdom and fine arts.

Maha Shivaratri(February) ---is the great night of Shiva, followers of Shiva observe religious fasting and the offering of Bael (Bilva) leaves to the Shiva. Fasting is good for health and Bilva leaves have medicinal properties.

Holi:-- is a spring festival, also known as the festival of colours or the festival of love and for many the start of the new year. .[ victory of good over evil, the arrival of spring, end of winter, and for many a festive day to meet others, play and laugh, forget and forgive, and repair broken relationships, and is also celebrated as a thanksgiving for a good harvest.

Navaratri - festival of Shakti (in Bengal) or Rama's victory over Ravana (South India) (September-October).This is a nine-day festival celebrated in October. The celebration is held in the honour of the Goddess known as Lakshmi, Durga and Sarasvati. During the nine days the images of these Goddesses are installed in houses.

Rama Navami(April)-- birthday of Lord Rama -Rama Rajya, the reign of Sri Rama is a rare duration of peace and prosperity bestowed by him alone. This festival commemorates the birth of Sri Rama who is remembered for his prosperous and righteous reign.

LORD HANUMAN is worshipped all over India—either alone or together with Sri Rama. Every temple of Sri Rama has the murti or idol of Sri Hanuman. Hanuman was the Avatara of Lord Siva. He was born of the Wind-God and Anjani Devi. He is also called by the names Pavanasuta, Marutsuta, Mahavira, Bajrangabali and Pavankumar. Hanuman possessed devotion, knowledge, spirit of selfless service, power of celibacy, and desirelessness. He never boasted of his bravery and intelligence.

Onam: This festival marks the day on which the great devotee of Lord Vishnu Emperor Maha Bali, the grandson of Prahlada (the great devotee of Lord Narasimha), received benediction and liberation with the blessings of the Lord, who had assumed the form of Vamanadeva, the dwarf incarnation. Onam is celebrated in August-September, and especially in Kerala. Onam is a ten-day festival marked by women creating beautiful floral patterns in front of their houses, pujas for Lord Vishnu, feasting and boat races.

NEW YEAR-Ugadi(April)-- According to the traditions and rituals, preparations for the day of Ugadi begins a day or two prior to the actual date with ritualistic washing and cleaning of the houses, every inch and corner. Shopping for decorative items and new clothes to wear on the day is also an important custom that has been followed since one can remember. When the day dawns, ritualistic showers or oil baths are taken by the devotees; followed by prayers and chanting of mantras to facilitate good tidings in the year ahead. It is also believed that any venture that is started on this day ends in a success. After the baths, people start decorating their homes with colorful rangolis or Kolams that are drawn in the front and stringing together mango leaves on the doors and windows. According to an ancient tradition, people flock at the temples to listen to the predictions made by the pundits; this tradition is known as Panchanga Sravanam, which is still very popular as devotees eagerly wait for yearly forecast to be made.

Another inseparable ritual that has been followed for many years or maybe centuries is the preparation of a dish called Ugadi Pachhadi (Telugu). Also known as Bevu Bella in Kannada, the dish is a unique mixture of six different tastes, representing different experiences in life, which every individual should learn to respect and accept and move ahead unrelentingly. It's also the first dish that people have on this day. Made from Neem buds, symbolizing sadness for its bitter taste; Jaggery, symbolizing happiness for sweetness; green chili or pepper, symbolizing anger for its hotness; salt, symbolizing fear for its saltiness; Tamarind juice, symbolizing disgust for its sourness; and unripened mango, symbolizing surprise for its tanginess.

GURU PURNIMA: festival traditionally celebrated by Hindus and Buddhists, marked by ritualistic veneration of the Guru, Guru Puja. The word guru is derived from two words, 'Gu' and 'Ru' . The Sanskrit root "Gu" means darkness or ignorance. "Ru" denotes the remover of that darkness. Therefore one who removes darkness of our ignorance is a Guru. Gurus are believed by many to be the most necessary part of lives. On this day, disciples offer puja (worship) or pay respect to their Guru (Spiritual Guide).Students of the Indian classical music, which also follows the Guru shishya parampara, celebrate this festival, around the world.

Rakhsābandhana - renewing bonds between brothers and sisters (July-August) This celebrates the love of a sister for her brother. On this day, sisters tie a rakhi, a colorful bracelet made of silk thread, on the wrist of their brothers to protect them against evil influences. It is celebrated in July-August. Raksha Bandan is celebrated in some parts of India as a festival to honor the sea god Varuna, where coconuts are offered to the sea. Because of its three eyes, the coconut represents the three eyes of Shiva. As a mark of auspiciousness, coconuts are also broken at shrines and temples. This is also the day set apart for Brahmins to change the sacred thread they wear.

Krishna Jayanti - Birthday of Lord Krishna (July-August) Temples and homes are beautifully decorated and lit. Notable are the cribs and other decorations depicting stories of Lord Krishna's childhood. In the evening bhajans (devotional songs) are sung which end at midnight, the auspicious moment when Lord Krishna was born. Krishna Janmastami is a festival that is held in the typical pattern of preparation, purification, realization, and then celebration.

        In this way, after a full day of purification, we realize our own connection with the Lord, who then manifests as the Supreme worshipable object of our purified consciousness. Thus, this climax at night represents our overcoming the darkness of ignorance and reaching the state of purified spiritual knowledge and perception. Therein we overcome the influence of the mind and senses and enter the state of steady awareness wherein there is full spiritual awakening.

Dussehra-Dussehra festival is celebrated on the first day of the “shukla paksha” of the Hindu month of Ashwin.Dussehra Festival marks the victory of good over evil. Rama went to the forest for fourteen years.Lord Rama is an inspirational character. People are so active that they don’t feel tired even after this massive activity. This festival boosts the morale of everyone. It gives us courage to fight for our right, no matter how poor the situation seems to be. There will be the victory of the righteous and virtuous.The devotees of Lord Rama go to temples to chant mantras. Many undertook fasting on this day. Flowers and sweets are offered to the Almighty.In many places, Dussehra Festival is observed for 10 day. The famous play of Ram Leela (also Ram Lila) is performed in cultural ceremonies. The effigy of ten headed Ravana is made and burnt in fire.

Karva Chauth: Karva Chauth is celebrated in October and prayers are offered to the God Shiva and his consort, Parvati. Women fast on this day. At dusk upon sighting the moon, water and flowers are offered to the household deity. On this occasion, mothers bless their married daughters and present them with jewellery, garments and sweets.

KUMBH MELA--- pilgrimage every 12 years to four cities in India (July-August). Hindus at the Kumbh Mela engaged in the Aarti ceremony.Kumbh Mela is a pilgrimage festival. It draws together millions of Hindus to the holy rivers where it is held every twelve years. Hindu holy men from all the different sects attend and some suspend their ascetic practices to be there. For Hindus it is considered auspicious to be blessed by the holy men during this festival. To bathe in the rivers associated with the festival is believed by Hindus to cleanse the soul of past sins. The festival is held when Jupiter and the Sun and Moon are in a particular alignment. The date of its origin is lost in time but it is recorded in Puranic literature therfore making it an ancient ritual. Kumbh is the Sanskrit word for "pot" and Mela means "festival". The reference is in relation to a "pot of nectar" that was the creation of ancient Gods and demons who sought immortality. The nectar was considered so precious and valuable that the Gods hid it in four places. Some of the nectar was spilled at each place therefore consecrating the land and Hindus attend with the belief that the festival locations are sacred and divine.

Muslim Festivals

All the people of Muslim religion enthusiastically celebrate their all the Islamic festivals all over the world. There are many religious festivals which they celebrate with great passion and dedication by following the date of their Islamic calendar. Some of the very important Islam festivals are Ramzan (Ramadan), Id-e-Milad, Muharram, Bakr-Id and etc which they celebrate in special ways by offering prayers in the mosques, feasting, fasting and wishing to each other.

They decorate their homes with colored lights and other things in the evening and celebrate throughout the night by getting together. Some of the Islamic festivals have been declared as the public holiday in the educational institutions, government offices and other working place. Islam was founded by the spiritualist Muhammad around the 7th century which has become the 2nd largest religion worldwide. The Islam has five most significant Pillars such as “Shahadah (Faith), Salah (Prayer), Zakah (Donate), Sawm (Fasting) and Hajj (Pilgrimage)”. Below is the list of all Muslim festivals:

Muslim Festivals

Barawafat          

Milad-Un-Nabi 

Giaravahin Sharif             

Hazarat Ali’s Birthday    

Shab E Miraj      

Shab-e-Barat    

Jamat-Ul-Vida

Id-ul-Fitr (Ramzan Eid)-  : Every Muslim celebrates Eid-ul-Fitr at the end of the month of Ramadan to mark a successful completion of the period of fasting. This festival is sometimes described as a 'Muslim Christmas'. The early part of the day is spent offering prayers at a Mosque followed by hearty meals at home or with relatives. Children particularly enjoy this Eid and are given presents or money. It is Sunnah (the practice of the Prophets) that everyone should wear new and beautiful clothes and rejoice with other Muslims. To this end it is obliged on each adult Muslim to give alms (Fitrana) to the poor and needy, before the Eid prayers, to enable everyone to enjoy the day.(Zakat)

Id-ul-Zuha (Bakrid or Eid Ul-Adha) Eid-ul-Adha: Eid-ul Adha celebrates the saving of the Prophet Ishmael by God when his father Abraham offered him as a sacrifice. It takes place a day after Hajj and marks the completion of the Hajj journey to the plain of Arafat. This Eid is celebrated by special prayers at a Mosque and is followed by the sacrifice of a sheep, lamb or cow to commemorate the Abrahamic sacrifice. Just like Eid-ul-Fitr Muslim families spend a day visiting and entertaining guests. As it is celebrated over 3 days some children may take more than one day off school during this period.   
Hajj: Pilgrimage to the Holy city of Mecca and Arafat in Saudia Arabia.   

Muharram-(Arabic: محرم) It is the first month of the Islamic calendar. Instead of joyous celebration, Muslims mark the beginning of the New Year by taking up the black attire of sorrow and participate in mourning gatherings in which the sacrifices of Husayn and his companions are commemorated.It is one of the four months of the year in which fighting is prohibited. Since the Islamic calendar is lunar, Muharram moves from year to year when compared with the Gregorian calendar.

CHRISTIAN FESTIVALS

People of the Christian religion celebrate their festivals like Christmas, Easter, Good Friday and etc with big enthusiasm and fun filled activities. People from other religions also become involve in the Christmas celebrations which proves the unity in diversity of India.

There are various famous places in India where the Christian festivals are celebrated such as Goa as most of the oldest and beautiful churches are there. They do feast, prayers and processions while celebrating their festivals. Below is the list of all Christian festivals:

Christian Festivals 
Christmas-  is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ, observed most commonly on December 25as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world.A feast central to the Christian liturgical year, it is prepared for by the season of Advent or the Nativity Fast and initiates the season of Christmastide, which historically in the West lasts twelve days and culminates on Twelfth Night;in some traditions, Christmastide includes an Octave. Christmas Day is a public holiday in many of the world's nations, is celebrated culturally by a large number of non-Christian people, and is an integral part of the holiday season, while some Christian groups reject the celebration. In several countries, celebrating Christmas Eve on December 24 has the main focus rather than December 25, with gift-giving and sharing a traditional meal with the family.
 
Easter- Easter is the most important festival in the Christian calendar. It celebrates the resurrection from the dead of Jesus, three days after he was executed. The Easter story is at the heart of Christianity.Jesus himself was seen that day by Mary and the disciples, and for forty days afterwards by many people. His followers realised that God had raised Jesus from the dead. Christians call this the Resurrection.The week leading up to Easter is called Holy Week.

        

Good Friday-  Good Friday is a Christian religious holiday commemorating the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and his death at Calvary. The holiday is observed during Holy Week as part of the Paschal Triduum on the Friday preceding Easter Sunday, and may coincide with the Jewish observance of Passover. It is also known as Holy Friday, Great Friday, Black Friday, or Easter Friday,though the last term properly refers to the Friday in Easter week.     

Sikh Festivals

As India is considered as the country of numerous religions, cultures and traditions that’s why it is known as having unity in diversity. People of Sikh religion have lots of unique and ritual festivals which they celebrate with full courage and enjoyment. They commemorate the lives of their 10 Sikh gurus including their teachings. Some Hindu festivals are also celebrated by the people of Sikh religion having different reasons of celebration.

All the worship at the festival in Sikhism is directed towards the holy book called “the Guru Granth Sahib” which was first compiled by the Sikh guru, Guru Nanak and later edited by the Sikh Guru, Arjan. The Guru Granth of the Sikh religion has the place of deity among people and taken out on a palanquin in the public processions while celebrating any Sikh festival. They involve lots of music and religious songs, readings from the holy book, holy songs, singing of gurbani while celebrating their festivals in order to attach with God.

Sikh Festivals   

Guru Gobind Singh Jayanti          

Lohri- Lohri marks the end of the winter season. Therefore, it is a seasonal festival. It is also considered a harvest festival and it is an important day for the farmers. People have also connected the Lohri festival with the folk legend of Dulla Bhatti. It is believed that Dulla Bhatti was a robber. But, he rescued and saved many girls from slave market.  So, the people sing songs to express their gratitude towards him.Lohri marks the end of winter season. People make every effort to take advantage of the last days of the winter season.It provides an opportunity to interact with friends and families.     

Holla Mohalla    

Sodal mela         

Birthday Guru Ramdassji             

Guru Nanak Jayanti- commemorates the birthday of Guru Nanak Dev the first Sikh guru and the founder of Sikhism. It is the most sacred festivals of the Sikhs community. The festival is celebrated with great religious fervor, dedication and devotion across India, mainly in the states of Punjab, Haryana and abroad. This holy occasion is observed on the full moon day in the month of Kartik as per the Hindu calendar.The Gurudwara hall also conducts the Kirtan-Darbars and Amrit Sanchar ceremonies followed by a special community lunch, or Langar. This lunch is organized by the volunteers at the Gurudwara. The Sikhs consider distributing free sweets and lunch as a part of seva (service) and bhakti (devotion).      

Guru Purab        

Installation of Guru Granth Sahibji

Jain Festivals

People from Jain religion have lots of rituals and religious ceremonies to be celebrated as the festival. Their rituals belong to the idol worships in various ways and festivals belong to the life events of Tirthankara which involves the purification of the soul. Their rituals are divided in two parts named Karya and Kriya. According to the Jain Svetambara there are six obligatory duties called Six Avashyakas which are “Chaturvishnati-stava: praising Tirthankaras, Kayotsarga: meditation, Pratikramana: expiation of past sins, Pratyakhyana: renunciation of anything, Samyika: practising serenity and meditation and Vandan: respecting teachers and ascetics”.

According to the Jain Digambara there are six duties which are “Dana: charity, Devapuja: worship of Tirthankaras, Guru-upashti: respecting teachers and ascetics, Sanyam: controlling self by following different rules, Swadhyaya: studying spiritual texts and Tapa: austerities” which has been involved as a fundamental ritual activities of the Jains. 

Jain Festivals       

Deep Diwali       

Mahamastak Abhishek 

Mahavir Jayanti-Mahavir Jayanti is a sacred festival for Jains and followers across the world celebrate it in a grand way by taking out processions that might include chariot, horses, elephants, drummers and chanters. Silent prayers are also offered and his preaching is recapitulated in the form of sermons to the followers on this day. Traditional Mahavir Jayanti recipes are also prepared in order to celebrate the festival.Jains celebrate Mahavir Jayanti in a colourful way by decorating the Jain temples with flags and offering alms to the poor people. Donations are collected to save animals from slaughter. In India, the birth anniversary of Mahavir is more ardently observed in Gujarat and Rajasthan compared to other parts, as a higher number of Jains reside in these states. In the early morning, followers give a ceremonial bath to the statue of Lord Mahavira called ‘abhishek’. The statue is then placed in a beautifully decorated cradle and carried out in a procession.    

Buddhist Festivals

People from Buddhist religion celebrate their festivals well connected to their Lord Buddha and the Bodhisattvas. It is considered that the Buddhist festivals were first started by the lord Buddha and He advised his followers to be in touch with each other to strengthen their bond. Buddhist has their own beliefs and rituals of celebrating historical festivals. The do worship of the historical objects while celebrating their festivals.Their festivals become more religious, spiritual and intellectual which are not restricted to any service of the community.            

Buddha Purnima is a Buddhist festival that marks Gautama Buddha's birth, enlightenment and death. It falls on the day of the full moon in May and it is a gazetted holiday in India. Many Buddhists pay special attention to Buddha's teachings during Vesak. They may wear white robes and only eat vegetarian food on and around Vesak. Many people also give money, food or goods to organizations that help the poor, the elderly and those who are sick. Caged animals are bought and set free to display care for all living creatures, as preached by Buddha.The dharmacakra or dharma wheel is a symbol often seen during Vesak. It is a wooden wheel with eight spokes. The wheel represents Buddha's teaching on the path to enlightenment. The eight spokes symbolize the noble eightfold path of Buddhism.           

Hemis Gompa  

Ullambana         

Losar  
  
Others
Judaism and Zoroastrianism are also practiced by minority population in the country. According to Judaism, there exists a covenant relationship between God and Jewish people. One of the minority groups in the country, Zoroastrianism considers that humans are the helpers of God. The people who follow Zoroastrianism are known as Parsis and those who follow Judaism are called Jews.

Although, different religions are practiced in India, the secular and sovereign nature of the country remains intact. In fact, all religions collectively play an important role in maintaining the harmony, culture, history and peace in the country.
          

http://www.indiacelebrating.com/festivals/

http://history-of-hinduism.blogspot.com

http://www.timeanddate.com

https://www.google.com.sa

Feb-12th International Darwin Day 2016-The revolutionary English biologist

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection was a revolutionary challenge to Western civilisation in the 19th century. International Darwin Day, celebrated on 12 February, marks the birth of the English naturalist in 1809 and his influence on the advancement of science, education and human curiosity.

International Darwin Day celebrates the life of influential scientist Charles DarwinCreative Commons

 In the late 1990s, two Darwin enthusiasts, Chesworth and Stephens, co-founded an unofficial effort to promote Darwin Day. In 2001, Chesworth moved to New Mexico and incorporated the "Darwin Day Program". In 2004, the New Mexico Corporation was dissolved and all its assets assigned to the "Darwin Day Celebration", a non-profit organization incorporated in California in 2004 by Dr. Robert Stephens and others and the Mission Statement was expanded.
 

phylogenetic wheel of life.

• Darwin deliberately delayed the publication of On The Origin Of Species for more than two decades because he was nervous about how the research would be received by the public.
• Darwin married Emma Wedgwood, his first cousin, on 29 January 1839 at St Peter's Anglican Church in Maer in Staffordshire. The Darwins had 10 children in total, but two died in infancy and a third child, their daughter Annie, passed away aged 10.
• Of his surviving children, George, Francis and Horace became Fellows of the Royal Society, distinguished as an astronomer, botanist and civil engineer. Another son, Leonard, was a politician, economist and a mentor of the evolutionary biologist Ronald Fisher – who Richard Dawkins named "the greatest biologist since Darwin".
• At a young age, Darwin made a list of the positives and negatives of marriage. Pros included companionship – a wife was "better than a dog anyhow" – and cons included less reading time in the evening.
• Darwin belonged to a group called the Glutton Club at Cambridge in which members would meet to try unusual and exotic dishes. In the Galapagos, he drank fluid from the bladder of tortoises, which he described as "very slightly bitter".
• While travelling on the HMS Beagle, Darwin saw the atrocious consequences of human slavery at first hand, which he considered dire injustices of human rights. Some believe Darwin published On The Origin Of Species partly to encourage the abolition of slavery.
• Darwin was ill with seasickness during his voyage on board The Beagle. Forced to lie on his bed for the first few weeks of his journey, he deliberated as to whether he had made the right decision to board the vessel.
• For most of his life, Darwin was a conventional Christian and studied at the University of Cambridge to become an Anglican clergyman – shortly before The Beagle voyage. However, later in life, Darwin described himself as an agnostic.
• Darwin wrote about the emotional bonds between humans and the similarities between humans and animals. According to some scholars, passages in which the scientist addressed compassion and morality show he may have been influenced by Tibetan Buddhist texts.
• Darwin's health was often compromised by an uncommon combination of symptoms, some of which appeared to follow stressful situations. This led some psychologists to theorise that he had anxiety and panic disorders or agoraphobia, while others suggested he may have suffered from Crohn's disease or even chronic fatigue syndrome.

http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/international-darwin-day-2016
http://www.cute-calendar.com

CONGRATULATIONS and BEST WISHES--"INTERNATIONAL NAVAL FLEET REVIEW"--WORLD PEACE-“NAVIES ARE FOR MORE THAN JUST FIGHTING. UNITED WE STAND—DIVIDED WE FALL”--Themed as United through Oceans, and set to be attended by nearly 50 nations, the four-day event will witness a global participation from 90 ships, including 24 warships and 24 foreign naval chiefs.

Once in each President's five-year term in office, he or she carries out a "naval fleet review", a deliberately public assembly of the entire fleet, except for warships on essential patrols. Behind the ceremonial pomp and show lies a simple strategic signal: “Here is our fleet; it is ready for war.”

INS Astradharini

INS Vikramaditya

In earlier days, fleet reviews were "a prelude to war or an explicit show of force to deter adventurism by a potential adversary", says Raghavendra Mishra of the National Maritime Foundation. Possibly the first ever fleet review was held in 1415, when British monarch, Henry the Vth, inspected his navy before embarking on war with France.

The Indian Navy, however, waves away the notion of sinister purpose behind the International Fleet Review (IFR) that begins in Visakhapatnam on Thursday, and continues for five days through Monday (February 4-8).

"The idea of a Review was perhaps conceived as a show of naval might or an inspection of readiness for battle at sea. It still has the same connotation, but assembling of warships without any belligerent intentions is now the norm in modern times", says the IFR's official website.

The Indian Navy has earlier organised ten fleet reviews since independence, with the first one in 1953. Yet, this one is only the second "international" review, featuring navies from all over the world. Like for the first international review in Mumbai in 2001, the aim behind this international review, is to signal the Indian Navy's emergence as a pre-eminent power that sets the agenda in the northern Indian Ocean.

Among the 54 navies taking part, there is a tacit acceptance of this regional primacy, and a shared belief that this is in the common interest. Participating this year is practically every major navy in the world, including the People's Liberation Army (Navy) of China.


In addition, 75 Indian warships will participate in the review. These include both the navy's aircraft carriers, INS Vikramaditya and Virat, and almost all its major capital warships - destroyers, frigates and corvettes.

The Pakistan Navy is not participating. The navy spokesperson said an invitation had been sent to Islamabad through diplomatic channels, but evoked no response.

The main event will be the presidential fleet review on Saturday morning. President Pranab Mukherjee will receive a ceremonial 21-gun salute and a guard of honour before boarding the Presidential Yacht. He will then review the warships, weaving between them as they remain anchored to their precisely determined spots in the sea off Visakhapatnam harbour. Each ship will have their crew on the deck in spotless white uniforms, presenting a salutation as the president passes.

Along the way, the President will witness operational demonstration, including a daring display by marine commandoes, and a "steam-past" by a detachment of warships.

There will also be fly-past, featuring 45 naval aircraft, including the latest carrier-borne MiG-29K strike fighters, the navy's new Boeing P8-I maritime reconnaissance aircraft and Kamov-31 helicopters.


For the residents of Visakhapatnam, there will be a concert by foreign navy bands on Saturday, and a city parade on Sunday along the seafront RK Beach Road. This will feature naval operational demonstrations, marching contingents from visiting navies, and cultural displays by visiting sailors.
Ref:
http://www.business-standard.com/
http://www.andhrajyothy.com

ATTENTION!!!!!-- World Cancer Day 2016-2018---Theme – We can. I can.

We can. I can.' That is the tagline for the 2016 World Cancer Day on 4 February. Marking the 10th anniversary of the global awareness campaign, the aim this year is to prove that every single person can make a difference in the fight against cancer.

Why World Cancer Day is important?

Currently, 8.2 million people die from cancer worldwide every year, out of which, 4 million people die prematurely (aged 30 to 69 years)

World Cancer Day is the ideal opportunity to spread the word and raise the profile of cancer in people’s minds and in the world’s media.

With this year's 'We can. I can.' campaign, awareness will be raised to show the public that everyone can play a role in battling cancer. For example;

We can.

Stop myths that lead to stigma against cancer patients

Encourage schools to educate children on how to prevent cancer

Demand governments increase funding for cancer treatment facilities

I can.

Stop smoking for good

Learn about the signs and symptoms linked to cancer

Return back to work after cancer treatment, to give it the biggest 

insult of all 

We can. I can.' is the tagline for the 2016 World Cancer DayCalmara/iStock

Taking place under the tagline ‘We can. I can.’, World Cancer Day 2016-2018 will explore how everyone – as a collective or as individuals – can do their part to reduce the global burden of cancer.

Just as cancer affects everyone in different ways, all people have the power to take various actions to reduce the impact that cancer has on individuals, families and communities.

World Cancer Day is a chance to reflect on what you can do, make a pledge and take action. Whatever you choose to do ‘We can. I can.’ make a difference to the fight against cancer.

Key messages

INSPIRE ACTION-TAKE ACTION

PREVENT CANCER

CHALLENGE PERCEPTIONS

CREATE HEALTHY ENVIRONMENTS

IMPROVE ACCESS TO CANCER CARE

BUILD A  QUALITY  CANCER  WORKFORCE

MAKE THE CASE FOR INVESTING IN CANCER CONTROL

BUILD A  QUALITY  CANCER  WORKFORCE

SHAPE POLICY CHANGE

WORK TOGETHER  FOR INCREASED IMPACT

MAKE HEALTHY LIFE STYLE

UNDERSTAND  THAT EARLY  DETECTION  SAVES  LIVES

ASK FOR SUPPORT

SUPPORT OTHERS

LOVE, AND BE LOVED

TAKE CONTROL OF MY CANCER JOURNEY

BE MYSELF

RETURN TO WORK

SHARE MY  JOY

SPEAK OUT

Facts


Cancer is caused by a mutation in the DNA of cell nucleiBlackJack3D/iStock
There are currently around 200 known types of cancer. From lung and oesophageal, to bowel and skin cancer.

Lung cancer is by far the biggest killer. Every year it takes the lives of around 1.4 million people globally – That is slightly more than the populations of Birmingham and Coventry combined.

Stomach cancer is the second biggest killer, with around 740,000 deaths per year, and liver cancer is third with 700,000 per year.

Most of recorded cancer cases are found in developed countries, namely in North America, Oceania and Western Europe. But, of all global cancer deaths, 70% are found in the developed world.

The number of cancer deaths is not expected to decrease any time soon, either. Projections say that the number of cancer deaths will hit 12 million across the world by 2030; a rise of more than 30% in under 15 years.

Cancer is caused by a mutation in the DNA of cell nucleiBlackJack3D/iStock

The battle against cancer has made me strong. It's like winning a war! When I was diagnosed, I was told by doctors my kidney, liver and other organs could fail. It was tough. I didn't know if I could save my life. But I was positive, and because of that, the doctor told me that I would be a man who would never have cancer. – Yuvraj Singh.

Cancer affects all of us, whether you're a daughter, mother, sister, friend, coworker, doctor, or patient. –Jennifer Aniston, American actress

 Cancer is a word, not a sentence. –John Diamond, British Journalist

There can be life after breast cancer. The prerequisite is early detection. –Ann Jillian, American actress

Cancer is a great wake-up call. A call to take the tag off the new lingerie and wear that black lacy slip. To open the box of pearls and put them on. To crack open the bath oil beads before they shrivel up in a bowl on the toilet tank. – Regina Brett, Author

Cancer didn't bring me to my knees, it brought me to my feet. – Michael Douglas, American actor

I was a vegetarian first. I had high blood pressure at 27, everybody in my family died of cancer, and I knew it was in the food, so I changed my diet. – John Salley, Basketball player

When someone has cancer, the whole family and everyone who loves them does, too. – Terri Clark, Musical Artist

I think cancer is a hard battle to fight alone or with another person at your side, but I will say having someone to pick you up when you fall, stand by your side through every appointment and delivery of bad news, is priceless. – Jenna Morasca, American actress

I keep dreaming of a future, a future with a long and healthy life, not lived in the shadow of cancer but in the light. – Patrick Swayze, American actor

"On World Cancer Day, we have an opportunity to collectively examine cancer control strategies to identify winning formulae that will accelerate progress. The goal for all of us is to ensure fewer people develop cancer, more people are successfully treated and that there is a better quality of life for people during treatment and beyond.”

http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/world-cancer-day-2016
http://www.worldcancerday.org