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| The Big Bang theory proposes that the universe began as an extremely hot and dense dot only a few millimeters wide. It since grew over 13.7 billion years into the vast and cooler expanding cosmos that presently exists. An extension of the Big Bang model, inflation, poses that the universe initially expanded far faster than the speed of light and grew from a subatomic size to a golf-ball size almost instantaneously, shown in this diagram. |
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| Astronomers Detect First Split-Second of the Universe picture of the infant universe. Colors indicate "warmer" (red) and "cooler" (blue) spots. The white bars show the "polarization" direction of the oldest light. |
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| After Big Bang Came Moment of Pure Chaos, Study Finds
Credit: ESO
Snapshot from a computer simulation of the
formation of large-scale structures in the universe, showing a patch of 100
million light-years and the resulting coherent motions of galaxies flowing
toward the highest mass concentration in the center. |
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| Star Observations Could Solve Cosmic Riddle
Credit: European Southern Observatory
The globular cluster NGC 6397 contains around 400,000 stars
and is located about 7,200 light years away in the southern constellation Ara.
With an estimated age of 13.5 billion years, it is likely among the first
objects of the galaxy to form after the Big Bang.
|
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| New Model of the Early Universe
Credit: Alvaro Orsi, Institute for Computational Cosmology,
Durham University.
The universe, 590 million years after the Big Bang, may have
looked like this, according to computer simulations, with some stretches of
dark matter (green) and galaxies with varying luminosity of star formation
(yellow is brightest).
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| Credit: NASA, ESA, R. Windhorst (Arizona State University)
and H. Yan (Spitzer Science Center, Caltech)
This image shows primordial dwarf galaxy candidates circled
in green. Three enlargements at right show several dwarf objects that are at
the limits of Hubble's present instrument capabilities in September 2004. The
Hubble UDF is a small region of sky in the direction of the southern
constellation Fornax. The faintest objects are less than one four-billionth the
brightness of stars that can be seen with the naked eye.
|
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| Explanation of Dark Matter Might Lie in Origin of Stars
Credit: Science
One scenario envisioning the creation of the earliest stars
suggests that dark matter particles are very light and can zip through space
more quickly. These warm dark matter models predict that dark matter formed
long filamentary structures along which stars appeared like pearls on a string.
In this simulation, a gas filament condenses and then fragments to form the
first stars. The blue shading in this image reflects changes in the gas's
density.
|
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| Some of the Universe's First Galaxies Discovered
Credit: M. Ouchi et al.
This is a composite of false color images of the galaxies
found at the early epoch around 800 million years after the Big Bang. The upper
left panel presents the galaxy confirmed in the 787 million year old universe.
These galaxies are in the Subaru Deep Field.
|
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| Farthest Galaxy Found, Perhaps
Credit: NASA, ESA, and G. Bacon (Space Telescope Science
Institute)
An artist's impression of an embryonic galaxy
brimming with star birth in the early universe, less than a billion years after
the Big Bang. This image was prompted by the discovery in 2008 of a young
galaxy, called A1689-zD1, that was born about 700 million years after the Big
Bang. |
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| Violent Explosion Is Most Distant Object Ever Seen
Credit: A.J.Levan & N.R.Tanvir
Gamma-ray burst GRB 090423 is the small, very
red source in the center of this image. The red color is indicative of its
great distance — about 13.1 billion light years — since all the optical light
has been absorbed by intergalactic hydrogen gas, leaving only infrared light. |
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| Black Holes Gave Our Baby Universe a Fever
Credit: Amanda Smith/IoA
A graph showing the temperature of the intergalactic medium
when the universe was between one and three billion years old, overlaid on an
artist's impression of the emergence of galaxies over the same period. The
shaded region shows the range of possible temperatures measured from the team's
data. The warming occurred at a time when the growth of galaxies was in full
swing.
|
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| Mystery Swirls Around 'Dark Stars'
Credit: University of Utah
This artist's conception shows what an invisible "dark
star" might look like when viewed in infrared light that it emits as heat.
The core is enveloped by clouds of hydrogen and helium gas. A new University of
Utah study suggests the first stars in the universe did not shine, but may have
been dark stars.
|
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| Conditions for Universe's First Stars Recreated In Lab
Credit: David A. Aguilar (CfA)
The first primordial stars began as tiny seeds that grew
rapidly into stars one hundred times the mass of our own sun. Seen here in this
artist impression, swirling clouds of hydrogen and helium gases are illuminated
by the first starlight to shine in the universe.
|
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| New Sky Map Could Help Reveal How Universe Formed
Credit: ESA/ LFI & HFI Consortia
The microwave sky as seen by ESA's Planck satellite. Light
from the main disk of the Milky Way is seen across the center band, while
radiation left over from the Big Bang is visible on the outskirts of the image.
|
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| Earliest Galaxies Helped Lift Universe's Cosmic Fog
Credit: R. McLure/J. Dunlop/R. Ellis/B.Robertson/D. Stark
[Full Story]
This is a true-color image from the part of the Hubble
Ultra-Deep Field, released in 2010. It has allowed researchers to identify a
new population of the most-distant known galaxies (white circles) present when
the universe was less than 800 million years old. These galaxies may be
responsible for ionizing intergalactic gas early in the universe's
history.
|
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| Early Universe Protocluster
Credit: Subaru/ P. Capak (SSC/Caltech)
This extremely distant protocluster represents a group of
galaxies forming very early in the universe, about only a billion years after
the Big Bang.
|
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| Oldest, Most Distant Galaxy Seen by Hubble
Credit: NASA, ESA
Shown here is the Hubble Space Telescope's photo of a
candidate galaxy that existed 480 million years after the Big Bang (the z~10
galaxy) and the position in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF) where it was
found. The galaxy is touted as the oldest, most distant one yet seen by Hubble.
This field — called HUDF09 — is the deepest infrared image ever taken of the
universe as of January 2011.
|
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| Deepest Image of the Sky Ever Obtained in the Near-infrared
Credit: NASA, ESA
NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has made the deepest image of
the universe ever taken in near-infrared light, released in 2009. The faintest
and reddest objects in the image are galaxies that formed 600 million years
after the Big Bang. The image was taken by the new Wide Field Camera 3 in the
same region as the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF), which was taken in 2004 and
is the deepest visible-light image of the universe.
|
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| Newfound Galaxy 480 Million Years After the Big Bang
Credit: NASA, ESA, Garth Illingworth (University of
California, Santa Cruz) and Rychard Bouwens (University of California, Santa
Cruz and Leiden University) and the HUDF09 Team.
|
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| Graphic: Hubble Telescope Deep Field Vision
Credit: NASA
This NASA graphic shows how astronomers have used the Hubble
Space Telescope to see deeper into the cosmos than ever before and hope to see
even farther with the future James Webb Space Telescope.
|
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| Hubble Telescope Zooms in on Oldest Galaxy
Credit: NASA, ESA, G. Illingworth (University of California,
Santa Cruz), R. Bouwens (University of California, Santa Cruz, and Leiden
University), and the HUDF09 Team
|
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| First Stars in the Universe Were Fast Spinners
Credit: A. Stacy, University of Texas.
This image depicts a simulation of the formation of the
first stars showing fast rotation. These stars, which researchers called
"spinstars," formed rig
|
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| CERN's Large Hadron Collider Creates Conditions Moments
After Big Bang
Credit: CERN
Researchers calculated the weight of an antiproton, a
finding that could shed light on the puzzle over what happened to all the
antimatter that was created.
|
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| Mini Big Bang Created, Puzzling Results Too Explosive
Credit: Brookhaven National Laboratory
Two gold nuclei collide in the center of this image, perhaps
creating a new state of matter called the quark-gluon plasma, thought to have been
the state.
|
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| Controversial Study Suggests Our Universe is One of Many
Credit: Roger Penrose and Vahe Gurzadyan
Some researchers think concentric ring patterns in
measurements of the cosmic microwave background are evidence of a universe that
existed before our own.
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